Epidemiologia wybranych chorób nowotworowych wśród dzieci i młodzieży w województwie śląskim w latach 2010-2019

*Dariusz Góra¹, Natalia Figura², Marcin Gregor³, Marta Olszar⁴

Summary
Introduction. The causes of malignant neoplasms occurring in both children and adolescents remain unknown, however epidemiological and genetic studies allow a partial elucidation of the origin of these tumors. In the first year of life, neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma and retinoblastoma are the most common. Between the ages of 2 and 5, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is at its peak. Brain tumors are most common in children under 5 years of age. On the other hand, adolescents aged 10-14 years suffer from lymphomas and bone tumors.
Aim. The aim of the article is to discuss the epidemiology of selected neoplastic diseases (morbidity and hospitalization) in children and adolescents from the Silesian Voivodeship in 2010-2019. The article includes: lymphocytic leukemia (C91), myeloid leukemia (C92), cancer of the brain and central nervous system (D43) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (C82-85).
Material and methods. In March 2021, data on the incidence and hospitalization (absolute numbers) of selected neoplastic diseases among children and adolescents from 0 to 19 years of age (divided into age groups: under 1, 1 to 4, 5 to 14 and 15 up to 19 years of age) from the Silesian Voivodeship. These data concern the years 2010-2019 and come from the National Health Fund ? Silesian Branch in Katowice. Then, figures were prepared that illustrate the morbidity and hospitalization of the diseases in question.
Results. In the age group between 5 and 14 years of age, the incidence of lymphocytic leukemia increased between 2010 and 2013 and amounted to 30 in 2010 and 39 in 2013, respectively. The variable nature of hospitalization for myeloid leukemia was reported in the group of children between the ages of 1 and 4. life. The highest (6) was recorded in 2016, and the lowest (1) in 2012 and 2013. Among children and adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age, the lowest (2) incidence of brain and central nervous system tumors was in 2011, In 2012-2014, the incidence was 7 cases per year, and from 2015 to 2019, the nature of the incidence increased and amounted to 8 in 2015 and 19 in 2019, respectively.
Conclusions. One of the reasons adversely affecting the diagnostic and therapeutic process is the rarity of these diseases in the pediatric population, which makes it difficult for GPs to acquire their own professional experience in a short time. The second diagnostic difficulty is the different histological structure of neoplasms in children and adolescents, which determines a different clinical symptomatology, so that the medical experience acquired in the treatment of the adult population cannot be transferred to pediatric patients. However, despite the enormous advances in medicine, they are still one of the leading causes of death among patients under the age of 16, accounting for about 16% of all causes of death in this age group.

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